Sferische coördinaten

$d{\bf l} = dr ~ \hat {\bf r} + r d\theta ~ \hat {\bf\theta} + r \sin {\theta}d\phi ~ \hat {\bf\phi}$ lijn-element

$d\tau = r^2 \sin{\theta} dr d\theta d\phi$ volume-element

$\nabla t = {\partial t \over \partial r} \hat {\bf r} + {1 \over r}{\partial ... ...eta} + {1 \over r \sin{\theta}}{\partial t \over \partial \phi} \hat {\bf\phi}$ gradiënt

$\nabla \cdot {\bf v} = {1 \over r^2}{\partial \over \partial r}(r^2 v_r) + {1... ...eta}v_\theta ) + {1 \over r \sin{\theta}}{\partial v_\phi \over \partial \phi}$ divergentie

$\nabla \times {\bf v} = {1 \over r \sin{\theta}} \left[ {\partial \over \part... ...r} (r v_\theta ) - {\partial v_r \over \partial \theta }\right] \hat {\bf\phi}$ rotatie

$\Delta t = \nabla^2 t = {1 \over r^2}{\partial \over \partial r} \left( r^2 {... ...a} \right) + {1 \over r^2 \sin^2{\theta} }{\partial^2 t \over \partial \phi^2}$ Laplace operator