Physics Research in Russia

Table of Contents

  1. Physics Research in Russia
    1. Introduction
  2. Russia
    1. Russian Academy of Sciences
      1. P.N. Lebedev Institute of Physics
      2. Institute of General Physics
      3. P.L. Kapitza Institute for Physical Problems
      4. L.D. Landau Institute of Theoretical Physics
      5. Institute of Atmospheric Physics
      6. Institute of Space Research
      7. A.V. Shubknikov Institute of Crystallography
      8. Institute of Radio-engineering and Electronics
      9. Institute of Nuclear Research (INR)
      10. Institute of High Temperatures
      11. Institute of Energy Problems of Chemical Physics
      12. Institute of Problems of Safe Development of Nuclear Energy
      13. Institute of Energy Research
      14. G.M. Krzizhanovsky State Energy Research Institute
      15. Physical Technical Institute
      16. N.N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics
      17. O.Yu. Shmidt Institute of Earth Physics
    2. Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow Region
      1. Institute of Solid State Physics
      2. Institute of Microelectronics Technology
      3. Institute of General Biophysics
      4. Institute of Spectroscopy
      5. L.F. Vereshchagin Institute of High Pressure Physics
      6. Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism, Radio Research and the Ionosphere
      7. Research Institute of Physical-Technical and Radiotechnical Measurements
      8. E.K. Zavoisky Physical Technical Institute
      9. Institute of Microelectronics
      10. Special Astrophysics Observatory
      11. Institute of Applied Physics
      12. Institute of Radiophysical Research
    3. Russian Academy of Sciences, Ural Branch
      1. Institute of Electrophysics
      2. Institute of Metal Physics
      3. Institute of Geophysics
      4. Institute of Thermal Physics
      5. Institute of Metallurgy
      6. Ufimskii Research Centre "Russia"
      7. Komi Research Center
      8. Physics-Technical Institute
    4. Russian Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg Region
      1. A.F. Ioffe Physical Technical Institute
      2. Institute of Theoretical Astronomy
      3. Institute of Applied Astronomy
      4. Main Astronomical Observatory (GAO)
      5. Institute of Earth Magnetism, Ionosphere and Radiowave Propagation, St Petersburg Branch (LO IZMIRAN)
      6. D.I. Mendeleev Research Institute of Metrology
      7. Institute of Analytical Instrument Building
      8. Institute of Large-Molecule Compounds (IVS)
      9. I.V. Grebenstchikov Institute of Chemistry of Silicates
      10. Institute of Geology and Geochronology of Pre Cambrium (IGGD)
      11. A.A. Blagonravov Institute of Machinology (SPb filial)
      12. B.P. Konstantinov Institute of Nuclear Physics
    5. Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch
      1. Institute of Nuclear Physics (INP)
      2. Siberian Centre of Synchrotron Radiation
      3. L.V. Kirenskii Institute of Physics
      4. Institute of Semiconductor Physics
      5. Institute of Thermophysics
      6. Institute of Automation and Electrical Measurements
      7. Institute of Geology and Geophysics
      8. M.A. Lavrentyev Institute of Hydrodynamics
      9. Institute of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics
      10. Special Design Bureau for Computer Technology
      11. Special Design and Technical Bureau of Special Electronics and Analytical Instrumentation
      12. Special Design Bureau for Scientific Instruments
      13. Institute of Optics of the Atmosphere
      14. Institute of Physics of Strength and Materials Science
      15. Special Design Bureau for Scientific Instruments "Optika"
    6. Russian Academy of Sciences other Branche Institutes
      1. Daghestan Research Center
      2. Karelian Research Center
      3. Kazan Research Center
      4. S.M. Kirov Kola Research Center
    7. Non-Academy Research Institutes
      1. Nuclear Physics
        1. Kurchatov Institute of Atomic Energy
        2. Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics (ITEP)
        3. Moscow Radiotechnical Institute
        4. Institute for High Energy Physics
        5. Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR)
        6. Institute of Physics and Power Engineering
      2. General Physics
        1. Andreev Institute of Acoustics
        2. S.A. Lebedev Institute of Precision Mechanics and Computing Technology
        3. Institute of Radio Technology
        4. Research Institute of Metrology Service
        5. Institute of Optical-Physical Measurements
        6. Centre for the Study of the Properties of Surfaces and Vacuums
        7. Institute of Radiophysical Research
        8. Institute of Materials Research
      3. General Physics, St. Petersburg Region
        1. S.I. Vavilov State Optics Institute
        2. Mendeleev Institute of Metrology
        3. Hydrometeorological Institute
        4. St. Petersburg Institute of Design of Aviation Devices
        5. St. Petersburg Institute of Mechanics
        6. St. Petersburg Institute of Electric Technology
        7. Agrophysical Scientific Research Institute
        8. B.V. Vedeneev Scientific Research Institute of Hydrotechnics
        9. V.P. Vologdin Scientific Research Institute of High-Frequency Currents
        10. Scientific Research Institute of Direct Current
        11. D.V. Efremov Scientific Research Institute of Electrophysical Apparatus
        12. A.A. Khlopin Radium Institute
    8. Physics Research at Universities in the Russian Federation
      1. M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University
      2. Moscow Physical-Technical Institute
      3. Moscow Institute of Engineering Physics
      4. Moscow Institute of Power Engineering
      5. St. Petersburg State University
      6. St. Petersburg M.I. Kalinin Technical University
      7. St. Petersburg Institute of Technology
      8. St. Petersburg, Herzen Pedagogical University
      9. St. Petersburg Institute of Precison Mechanics and Optics
      10. Novosibirsk State University
      11. S.M. Kirov Polytechnic Institute
      12. Altai State University
      13. Bashkir State University
      14. Checheno-Ingush State University
      15. Chelyabinsk State University
      16. Chuvash I.N. Ulyanov State University
      17. Dagestan State University
      18. Far Eastern State University
      19. Irkutsk State University
      20. Ivanovo State University
      21. Kabardino-Balkar State University
      22. Kaliningrad State University
      23. Kalmyk State University
      24. Kazan State University
      25. Kemerovo State University
      26. Krasnoyarsk State University
      27. Kuban State University
      28. Mari University
      29. Mordovian N.P. Ogarev State University
      30. Nizhnii Novgorod N.I. Lobachevskii State University
      31. North-Ossetian K.L. Khetagurov State University
      32. Omsk State University
      33. Perm A.M. Gorkii State University
      34. Petrozavodsk State University
      35. Rostov State University
      36. Samara State University
      37. Saratov N.G. Chernysheskii State University
      38. Syktyvkar State University
      39. Tomsk State University
      40. Tver State University
      41. Tyumen State University
      42. Udmurt State University
      43. Urals A.M. Gorkii State University
      44. Volgograd State University
      45. Voronezh State University
      46. Yakutsk State University
      47. Yaroslavl State university
    9. Scientific Libraries in the Russian Federation
      1. Russian National Public Library for Science and Technology
      2. Library of Natural Sciences, Russian Academy of Sciences
      3. St. Petersburg Library of the Russian Academy of Sciences
      4. V.I. Lenin State Library
      5. Institute of Scientific and Technical Information
      6. Superconductivity Centre of Information

    Physics Research in Russia

    Introduction

    The Soviet Union is since the beginning of 1992 split into Free States. These free states are, with the exception of the Baltic states, united in the Federation (or Commonwealth) of Independent States (FIS). The largest of these free states is the Federal Republic of Russia (Russia).

    Russia (The Federal Republic of Russia) consists of the following more or less autonomous republics:

    RUSSIA, The Russian Federal Republic
    State CapitalPopulation
    x million
    Russia Moscow 147.4
    Bashkir Republic Ufa 3.9
    Buryatskaya Republic Ulan-Ude 1.0
    Chacheno-Ingush Republic Groznyy 1.3
    Chuvash Republic Cheboksary 1.3
    Dagestan Republic Makhachkala 1.8
    Gorno Altayskaya Republic Gorno-Altaysk0.2
    Kabardino-Balkarskaya RepublicNalchik 0.8
    Kalmytskaya Republic Elista 0.3
    Karelskaya Republic Petrozavodsk 0.8
    Komi Republic Syktyvkar 1.2
    Mary Republic Yoshkar-Ola 0.7
    Mordovskaya Republic Saransk 0.9
    Sev. Osetinsk Republic Ordzhonikidze0.5
    Tatar Republic Kazan 3.6
    Tuvinskaya Republic Kyzyl 0.3
    Yakutskaya Republic Yakutsk 1.1
    Adygy Maykop 0.4
    Yevreysk A.O. Birobidzhan 0.2
    Cherkessk Cherkessk 0.4
    Total . 168.1

    The Federal Republic of Russia is characterized by a strong degree of centralization. Already in 1919 this centralization was such that a delegate at the 8th Party Congress declared:

    "in England one says that Parliament can do anything but change a man into a woman. Here in the Federal Republic of Russia the Peoples Commissioners does everything, even it changes a woman into a man."

    The Federation of Independent States (FIS) today consists of:

    The Federation of Independent States
    State capital Population Russians
    Russia Moscow 150 110
    Ukraine Kiev 50 3
    Uzbekskaya Tashkent 21 5
    Kazakhskaya Alma Ata 16 5
    Byelorus Minsk 10 2
    Azerbaijan Baku 7 2
    Georgia Tbilisi 5 2
    Moldovskaya Kishinev 5 1
    Kirgiskaya Frunze 4 2
    Tadzhikskaya Dushanbe 5 1
    Armenia Yerevan 3 1
    Turkmenskaya Ashkabad 3 1
    Total . 272 135

    In the last column the number of Russians living in the now free states are collected. These large numbers will certainly lead to major political problems in the near future, as the majority of them do not speak the language of the country they live in.

    Physics Research in the Former Soviet Union was mainly organized (and executed) through institutes belonging to the different Academies of Sciences. Physics suffered from:

    Despite these handicaps, the talent, ingenuity and courage of individual physicists have brought notable achievements.

    Russia

    Russian Academy of Sciences

    AddressLeninskii 32a
    RUS - 117993 Moscow
    Phone+7 095 938 1695
    Fax +7 095 938 1714
    URL http://www.ac.msk.su/RAS/index

    On 9 December 1991 the USSR Academy of Sciences ceased to exist. It tasks and possesions were taken over by the Russian Academy of Sciences by a Decree of 21 November 1991 by President Yeltsin. The original Russian Academy of Sciences was founded in 1725 by Peter the Great and shaped into a free-standing instrument ofscholarship with the help of the German mathematician Euler.

    The greatest concentration of the basic research institutes in natural sciences (about 86) are located in and around Moscow. In the late fifties Krushchev decided that Moscow had reached saturation point and decreed that further scientific expansion should take place outside the city in specially constructed townships. New physical sciences institutes with living accommodation nearby were built at Chernogolovka (about 50 km North-East of Moscow) and at Troitsk (40 km South-West of Moscow).
    A complex of biosciences institutes grew up at Pushchino on the banks of the river Oka (100 km South of Moscow). These three new townships were additional to the township already existing at Dubna on the river Volga (120 km North of Moscow) and at Obninsk (a town 100 km Sout-West from Moscow), where a number of nuclear research institutes are situated.
    Other concentrations of scientific activity near Moscow are at Zelenograd (a new city 45 km North-West of Moscow) concerned mainly with defence electronics, and Kaliningrad (25 km North-East of Moscow), where launch vehicles and scientific equipment are developed for the space program.

    E.W.A. Lingeman, August 1996, ed@nikhef.nl