Physics Research in the Baltics

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Table of Contents

  1. Estonia
    1. The Estonian Physical Society
    2. Estonian Academy of Sciences
      1. Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics
      2. Institute of Physics
      3. Institute of Astrophysics and Atmospheric Physics
      4. Institute of Energy Research
      5. VEMO
    3. Universities
      1. Tartu University
      2. Tallinn Technical University
      3. Tallinn Pedagogical University
  2. Latvia
    1. The transition from a Sovietic to a National Research System
      1. The Latvian Council of Science
    2. The Organization of the Latvian Research System
    3. The Latvian Physical Society
    4. Latvian Academy of Sciences
      1. Institute of Physics IP
      2. Institute of Physical Energetics IPE
      3. Nuclear Research Center
      4. Institute of Electronics and Computer Science IECS
      5. Radio-astrophysical Observatory
      6. Fundamental Library
    5. Universities
      1. University of Latvia
      2. Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia
      3. Riga Technical University
      4. Daugavpils Pedagogical Institute
  3. Lithuania
    1. The Lithuanian Physical Society
    2. Lithuanian Academy of Sciences
      1. Institute of Physics
      2. Institute of Theoretical Physics & Astronomy
      3. Institute of Semiconductor Physics
      4. Institute of Physical & Technical Problems of Power Engineering
      5. Central Library of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences
    3. Universities
      1. University of Vilnius
      2. Vilnius Technical University
      3. Vytautas Magnus University

1. Estonia

Map of Estonia

Estonia (45 100 km2) has a population of 1.6 million, about a third of which are non-Estonians. Before World War II Estonia was predominantly an agricultural country. Its capital is Tallinn. Other major cities are Tartu and Narva. About 67% of the population lives in cities. Industry has developed on the basis of bituminous oil-shale. Besides electrical and chemical plants it includes also textile and wood industry.

1.1 The Estonian Physical Society

The Estonian Physical Society has (1993) 230 members. The organization is as follows:

PresidentJ. Kikas
. Institute of Physics
Riia 142
EE - 2400 Tartu
Phone ++ 372 7 72294
Fax ++ 372 7 72227
Email jaak@iop.tartu.ee
SecretaryPiret Kuusk
. Institute of Physics
Riia 142
EE - 2400 Tartu
Phone ++ 372 7 72294
Fax ++ 372 7 72227
Email piret@iop.tartu.ee

1.2 Estonian Academy of Sciences

The Estonian Academy of Sciences,
note: Kohtu 6, EE - 0106 Tallinn, phone ++ 372 2 442 129, fax ++ 372 2 442 149.
founded in 1938, has acquired a wide reputation for its physics, astrophysics, coastal geology, organic synthesis and biosciences. All institutes are located in Tallinn and Taru. President of the Academy is Acad. Arno Köörna. The Estonian Academy of Sciences has two main functions, those of:
  1. A learned society bringing together eminent scientists in the natural and social sciences and the humanities. There are currently 56 full members and 6 foreign members.
  2. A controlling body of:
Total number of people employed (Jan. 1, 1993) 2728, among them 989 scientists.

The joint ventures referred to are concerned with the R&D, marketing and manufacture of computer systems, electronic devices, software and flexible manufacturing systems. The small enterprises are engaged in data processing, automations, lasers, integrated computer networks and bioactive compounds. The cooperatives have been formed in the fields of lasers, laser diagnostics, plasma technology, chemical technology and hydrobiology.

1.2.1 Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics

Address Rävala 10
EE - 0001 Tallinn
Phone ++ 372 2 441 304
Fax ++ 372 2 440 640
Email postmaster@kbfi.ee
Director Endel Lippmaa
Phone ++ 372 2 441 304
Email elippmaa@kbfi.ee
Scientific Areas Chemical Physics
High resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) in solids, theory and
techniques High resolution NMR studies of liquids and polymers. Development
of new techniques for NMR studies of quadrupolar nuclei in solids.
Structural studies of solid silicates, xeolites, catalysts and glasses;
polycyclic compounds and biopolymers. Physics of high temperature superconductors
and organic metals. Time resolved laser spectroscopy, theory and techniques.
Low temperature physics of impurity centers and semiconductors. Magnetic and
optical studies of spin dynamics. Vibronic coupling and vibrational relaxation
processes in molecules and crystals. Emission spectra of molecules and clusters
in supersonic jets. Ion cyclotron resonance studies and ab initio calculation
of molecular association phenomena. Molecular mechanisms and physics of molecular
catalysis in enzymes and zeolites. Studies of plasma physics in high energy particle
detectors. Development of digital techniques and computer networking in physics.
Development of computer controlled monitoring equipment for environmental studies.
Air, water and soil pollution studies in Estonia. Mining related environmental studies.
Equipment .
Staff members .

1.2.2 Institute of Physics

Address Riia 142
EE - 2400 Tartu
Phone ++ 372 7 79164
Fax ++ 372 7 72227
Email .
Director Arvi Freiberg
Phone ++ 372 7 79077
Email freiberg@iop.tartu.ee
Scientific AreasSolid State Physics: Spectra and dynamics of elementary excitations in pure
and impurity crystals Mösbauer, X-ray, electron, VUV and visible range spectroscopies
of solids and molecules. Hole-burning and selective spectroscopy, time and space domain
holography, optical information storage in crystals and glasses. Picosecond time-resolved
spectroscopy of solids and photosynthetic systems Low -- and ultralow temperature and high
pressure spectroscopies
Theoretical Physics: Solid state theory including problems of phase transitions,
secondary emission, and high temperature superconductivity. Theory of lasers. General relativity
and quantum gravity. Elementary particle theory, including neutrino physics and group
theoretical methods
Applied Physics: Atomic layer epitaxy and thin film sensors. Lasers, Cryosystems,
Optical elements and coatings. Growth of high purity alkali halide, rare gas and oxide
superconductor crystals

1.2.3 Institute of Astrophysics and Atmospheric Physics

Address Toravere
EE - 2444 Tartu maakond
Phone ++ 372 7 34853 or 10261
Fax ++ 372 7 10205
Email aai@aai.ee or dir@aai.ee
Director Tonu Viik
Phone ++ 372 7 10265
Email viik@aai.ee
Scientific AreasAstrophysics: Structure, formation and evolution of galaxies and systems
of galaxies. Physical processes in stars and in interstellar medium
Physics of the Earth atmosphere: Remote sensing of atmosphere and plant canopy
Energetics of the boundary layer of the atmosphere. Climatology and atmospheric dynamics
Equipment .
Staff members .

1.2.4 Institute of Energy Research

Address Paldiski mnt. 1
EE - 0001 Tallinn
Phone ++ 372 2 452 544
Fax ++ 372 2 452 435
Email .
Director Paul Tamkivi
Phone ++ 372 2 450 631
Email .
Scientific AreasApplied physics (electrical engineering and technology, and aeromechanics)
Theoretical aspects and main principles for constructing of semiconductor power converters
Thermal and electrophysical processes in low temperature plasma and plasma technology
Optical methods of diagnostics of electron-hole plasma dynamics in semiconductor
devices and surface processes in semiconductors
Experimental and theoretical simultaneous of two-phase subsonic flows
Equipment .
Staff members .

1.2.5 VEMO

Address Riia 185A
EE - 2400 Tartu
Phone ++ 372 7 28104
Fax ++ 372 7 77138
Email raivot@iop.tartu.ee
Director Raivo Tamkivi
Phone ++ 372 7 28104
Email raivot@iop.tartu.ee
Scientific AreasTSPD Co is a municipal enterprise which manages an association of small
start-up high-tech-oriented private companies, tenants of the Tartu
Science Park. The companies have been active in development, design
and construction of:
VUV and XUV vacuum monochromators
Excimer laser pumped dye lasers
Equipment for dye laser frequency multiplying and mixing in gases and metal vapors
Helium optical cryostats
Double scanning fluorometers
Scintillation detectors for X- and gamma-rays
Electronic components for heat flow meters
Computer software
Equipment .
Staff members .

1.3 Universities

1.3.1 Tartu University

Foreign Relations Office

Address Ülikooli 18
EE - 2400 Tartu
Phone ++ 372 7 35155
Fax ++ 372 7 35440
Email postmaster@ut.ee
URL http://www.ut.ee/

Faculty of Physics and Chemistry

Address Tähe 4
EE - 2400 Tartu
Phone ++ 372 7 465 520
Fax ++ 372 7 465 570
Email fktead@ut.ee
Dean Prof.dr. Jüri Tamm
Phone ++ 372 7 466 520
Email .
Scientific Areas.
Equipment .
Staff members .

Division of Physics

Address Tähe 4
EE - 2400 Tartu
Phone ++ 372 7 73775
Fax ++ 372 7 35440
Email ene@physic.ut.ee
Head Prof.dr. Ene Ergma
Phone ++ 372 7
Email ene@physic.ut.ee
Scientific AreasPhysics Didactics: The evolving teaching of physics in the system
School -- university -- Professional training
Environmental Physics: Radiation transfer in atmosphere and plant canopies
Atmospheric dynamics Prediction of air pollution. Spectrometry of electrical mobilities
and sizes of airborne particles and charged clusters
Experimental Physics and Technology: Low level current and charge metrology.
Physics of ionic crystals and radiation effects in solids. X-ray structural analysis.
Physics of gas discharges Picosecond spectroscopy and elementary excitation in solids.
Radiation effects in solids Theory of condensed matter. XUV spectroscopy of solids by
using synchrotron radiation
Theoretical Physics: Internal structure and evolution of stars. Cosmology.
Galaxy physics General theory of relativity. Theory of multilayer optical films.
Quantum optics. Solid state physics.
Equipment .
Staff members .

1.3.2 Tallinn Technical University

Address Ehitajate tee 5
EE - 0026 Tallinn
Phone ++ 372
Fax ++ 372 6202020
Email postmaster@edu.ttu.ee
Rector Olav Aarna
Phone ++ 372 6202003
Email aarna@edu.ttu.ee
URL http://www.ttu.ee/english/Welcome.html

Faculty of Mathematics and Physics

Address
EE - 0026 Tallinn
Phone ++ 372
Fax ++ 372
Email .
URL http://www.ttu.ee/fyysika
Dean Prof.dr. Rein-Karl Loide
Phone ++ 372 620 2996
Email .
Scientific AreasStudy of synthetic aluminosilicates, especially sodalites
Study of electrophysical processes in semiconductors
Study of semiconducting materials by using X-ray methods
Study of higher spin fields and superfields
Equipment .
Staff members .

1.3.3 Tallinn Pedagogical University

Address Narva mnt. 25
EE - 0100 Tallinn
Phone ++ 372 2 424 391 or 425 240
Fax ++ 372 2 425 339
Email tpy@pedi.ioc.ee
Dean Docent Aleksender Monakov
Phone ++ 372 2 424 925
Email .
Scientific AreasDiffusion on metals, statistical physics. Field theory and general relativity
Unsteady processes in hydrodynamics. Didactics of physics, science and technology
History of science
Equipment .
Staff members .

2 Latvia

Map of Latvia

Latvia, with a population of 2.702 million, is similar in area (63 700 km2) to its southern neighbour Lithuania and about 50% larger than Estonia, 38% is covered with woods. Latvia has a large Russian population (about 30%). For the greater part (66%) the population lives in cities as Riga -- its capital, Daugavpils and Liepaja. Latvia's industrial sector producing road and rail vehicles, radios, instruments and chemicals expanded without due regard for environmental considerations. Livestock farming (cattle, pigs and sheep) is the mainstay of the rural communities and fodder crops are extensively grown.

2.1 The transition from a Sovietic to a National Research System

One of the major changes in the Latvian science system is that it is no longer part of an enormous network of giant institutes in theAll-union system, in which the former USSR Academy of Sciences played a dominant role
note see Latvian Research. an International Evaluation, Forskingraedene. The Danish Research Councils, Copenhagen, December 1992.
But Latvia has, nevertheless, inherited a number of such giant institutes, having staffs counting hundreds of scientists and clearly out of balance with the needs of the small Latvian state.

Some of these institutes were minor parts of All-union institutes and were developed to serve special scientific and industrial sectors in the former Soviet Union, links that no longer exists. They have lost their foundation. Other institutes, especially in the fields of mathematics, physics, chemistry and pharmacy, and marine geology, were centers of excellence also in the FSU system and in some cases the most prominent institutes in their fields in the whole of the former Soviet Union. Some of these institutes were governed from Moscow, this was the case for fields of research of strategic and military importance, others were placed under the Latvian Academy of Sciences or other organizations in Latvia.

The research institutes were separated from the universities and had very little contact with education. Education of scientists was in many cases transferred to other parts of the former Soviet Union.

Research was in many cases focused on problems defined by institute or group leaders and in form of "life-long" projects. In this way may scientists worked with the same topic throughout their whole career, one of the features of the giant institutes, where the production of memoirs rather than papers in scientific journals was a measure of success. It was in this system difficult for young scientists to influence research projects, even more so to question the purpose and basic assumptions of the projects.

The USSR-type of organization of science is clearly out of balance with the economical possibilities and needs of the present state of Latvia. Major changes have already taken place and further changes are envisaged. Thus, the staffs of many of the institutes have already been reduced in size, and further reductions are expected.

2.1.1 The Latvian Council of Science

The Latvian Council of Science was founded in July 1990 and is now a major source of financing of research. The Latvian Academy of Sciences was in May 1992 transformed into a community of leading scientists and no longer acts as a kind of ministry of research, distributing money to the group of institutes, which formerly were a part of the Academy. Financing of research, as well as the infrastructure of these institutes now comes in the form of research grants from the Latvian Council of Science.

2.2 The Organization of the Latvian Research System

The government and parliament of Latvia are preparing a new law regulating research activities in Latvia. The new law guarantees the freedom and independence of scientific activities in Latvia, regardless of nationality, language, descent, political association, etc., as long as the activity is not in conflictwith Latvian laws.

The new law states the rights, obligations and responsibilities of scientists.

The academic educations comprise the levels: bachelor, master of science, doctor and doctor habilitus. Latvian Council of Science transfers the right to confer the doctors' degrees to the appropriate institutions.

Research in Latvia is organized in a number of state institutions:

  1. Institutes under the central administration,
  2. Latvian Council of Science,
  3. The universities,
  4. Latvian Academy of Sciences,
  5. State research institutions,
  6. Other institutionsaccording to decisions by the council of ministers.
Research can in addition take place in industrial companies etc..

The Latvian Council of Science gives advice to the government about plans and budgets for research activities, and is responsible for the criteria and procedures used in the distribution of the state appropriations for research, and also for the distribution of research grants based on advice from its 13 expert committees.

The research activity in the universities is in the new law regulated in the same way as in other state research institutions. The education activities of the universities are regulated by the law for the institutions of higher education. This law guarantees the freedom in teaching and research. The obligation of the universities is stated as the promotion, maintenance and development of science and arts through research, teching and studies.

The Academy of Sciences is in the law described as an autonomous community of scientists to which special functions can be transferred by the council of ministers.

Other state research institutions in specific fields of research are financed by the state budget and are governed by by-laws which have to be approved by the Council of Science.

The state research institutes can also finance research by means of contracts, license and patent royalties etc..

All scientists, groups of scientists and research institutions can enter into collaboration with scientists from other countries and can participate in international research programs.

2.3 The Latvian Physical Society

The Latvian Physical Society is founded in 1993.

PresidentJ. Berzins
Nuclear Research Center
Miera iela 31
LV - 2169 Salaspils-I
Phone ++ 371 54 790 1210
Fax ++ 371 54 790 1212
Email brzs@lanet.lv
Secretary.
Phone ++ 371 54
Fax ++ 371 54
Email .

2.4 Latvian Academy of Sciences

The Latvian Academy of Sciences
note: Ul. Turgeneva iela 19, Latvia - 1524 Riga, phone ++ 371 54 25361
which has traditionally worked closely with Moscow, is now re-adjusting to dependence on funding from within the republic. It is expected that extensive retrenchment and reorganization will be necessary, with priority being given to areas such as organic chemistry and wood chemistry where potential economic benefit can be demonstrated.

The institutes of the Latvian Academy of Sciences, created in 1946, are mainly situated in the capital Riga.

2.4.1 Institute of Physics IP

Address Miera iela 32
LV - 2169 Salaspils-I
Phone ++ 371 54 944 700
Fax ++ 371 54 225 039
Email erna%thf.iph.riga.lv@ussr.eu.net
Director Dr. Imants Bersons
Phone ++ 371 54
Email .
Scientific AreasNuclear Physics. Atomic collisions. Radiation in solid state physics. MHD.
Development and application of neutron activation analysis for measurements of
toxic elements in the environment. Head: Dr. M. Vircavs
Properties of ferromagnetic and superconducting fine particles. Head: Dr. Alexander Petrov.
Dynamic phenomena in alkali halides. Head: Prof.dr. Eduard Aluker
Adhesion, mechanical properties of thin films and coatings. Head: J. Maniks
Physical properties of dielectric-magnetic oxide systems. Head: Dr Nina Mironova
Radiation defects in alkali halides, thin films activated by mercury like anion
and cation impurities, photoluminescent dosimetry. Head: Dr. G. Vale
Solid state physics (alkali halides), defects in ionic crystals. Head: Dr. B. Berzina
Neutron diffraction, paramagnetic acoustic resonance, Rayleigh scattering,
Mössbauer spectroscopy (RSMR). Head: Evgeny M. Iolin
Dynamics of chacogenic semiconductor films & Holographic Optical Elements
(HOE). Head: Prof.dr. K. Shvarts
Modeling of natural two-dimensinal non-linear hydrodynamic objects. Head:Yu. Kolesnikov
Note Special design bureau for MHD and Robotics. A striking feature of the Institute
of Physics is the presence of a large and competent group in experimental
Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD). The groups headed by O.A. Lielausis, V. Bojarevics
E.V. Scherbinin and Yu. Kolesnikov are of excellent or outstanding quality.
Equipment .
Staff members .

Nuclear Engineering Group

Address
LV - 1098 Riga
Phone ++ 371 7
Fax ++ 371 7
Email .
Head Dr. Elmars Tomsons
Phone ++ 371 7
Email .
Scientific AreasResearch and development of new type of safety systems (with working material of
liquid metal melting at low temperatures) for objects with extreme working parameters
(Nuclear reactors).
Equipment .
Staff members .

EMM Laboratory

Address
LV - 1098 Riga
Phone ++ 371 7
Fax ++ 371 7
Email .
Head Dr. Roberts Kalnins
Phone ++ 371 7
Email .
Scientific AreasElectrodynamics. Investigation of the electromagnetic force effects on a
group of metallic components (ordering from chaotic state). Development of
a series of magnet automation means: part separators, reorientators, identifiers,
transport devices and sensors. The group is involved in the development of
automation technology using electromagnetic fields which act on electrically
conducting or ferro-magnetic objects. Under the trade name EMAGO a number of
devices have been developed which are able to carry out inspection, separation,
reorientation, sorting, or locking into position on a continuous stream of work pieces.
Equipment .
Staff members .

2.4.2 Institute of Physical Energetics IPE

Address Aizkraukles iela 21
LV - 1006 Riga
Phone ++ 371 7 552 001
Fax ++ 371 7 551 394
Email .
Director Prof.dr. Juris Ekmanis
Phone ++ 371 7
Email .
Scientific AreasMulticomponent interfaces. Silicides Si/SiX. Semiconductor proces technology.
Head: Dr. Yanis Kalnach. Production of glass semiconductor films for thermo &
photoelectrogeneration. Head: Dr. Peteris Bochkans. Molecular electronics:
Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) multilayer assemblies of polar amphilic organic molecules.
Head: Edgar Silinsh
Note Special Design Bureau of power engineering
Equipment .
Staff members .

Energy Systems and Complexes Group

Address
LV - 1098 Riga
Phone ++ 371 7
Fax ++ 371 7
Email .
Head Dr. Namejs Zeltinsh
Phone ++ 371 7
Email .
Scientific AreasOptimization of heat supply schemes in terms of the fuel-energy balance.
Mapping and characterization of Latvia's fuel-energy balance with regard
to planning and optimizing the future development, including ecological
aspects and influence of market economy. Optimization of district heating
systems (DHS) with respect to energy economy and the maximum use of local fuel.
Equipment .
Staff members .

Energy Systems Optimization Laboratory

Address
LV - 1098 Riga
Phone ++ 371 7
Fax ++ 371 7
Email .
Head Dr. Viktors Zebergs
Phone ++ 371 7
Email .
Scientific AreasFormation of Latvian Fuel and Energy Balance, taking into account new
management strategy. Description of the Latvian energy situation, data
collection for this purpose and application and evaluation of results
from a quasi-dynamic model in the Institut für
Industriebetriebslehre und industrielle Produktion University Karlsruhe,
Germany. The project deals with Energy economics and energy ecology, and
aims at establishing a fuel and enery balance for Latvia.
Equipment .
Staff members .

Automatic Devices for Heat Supply Systems

Address
LV - 1098 Riga
Phone ++ 371 7
Fax ++ 371 7
Email .
Head Dr. Uldis Sauka
Phone ++ 371 7
Email .
Scientific AreasDevelopment of new automatic devices for heat supply systems.
Under the leadership of the late Dr. V. Grislis, the group has
worked on how to increase the use and efficiency of local, renewable
energy in rural energy consumption. Another direction of the group's
research is problems of district heating systems. Several types of
heat controllers for buildings have been developed, as well as theory of
automatic control of pulse-type heat supply systems. Also the use of
underground heat storage accumulators have been analyzed. Recently the
development of a new type of flow meter has begun. The flow meter is
based on the oscillating fluidista principle.
Equipment .
Staff members .

Heat Process Laboratory

Address
LV - 1098 Riga
Phone ++ 371 7
Fax ++ 371 7
Email .
Head Dr. Vyacheslav Yakovlev
Phone ++ 371 7
Email .
Scientific AreasElaboration of a modern heat transformation principle. Development of a
new type of heat pump without moving parts, based on principles similar
to a heat pipe.
Equipment .
Staff members .

Laboratory of Electric Power System Mathematical Modeling

Address
LV - 1098 Riga
Phone ++ 371 7
Fax ++ 371 7
Email .
Head Dr. Zigurds Krishans
Phone ++ 371 7
Email .
Scientific AreasExpert systems for power system network development optimization
-- its structural design and mathematical modeling methods under
environmental, economical and engineering considerations.
1. The mathematical model and software for research of power system
optimal development rules are worked out. These rules are necessary
to decrease the impact of the so-called "curse of dimensionality"
in the dynamic programming (DP) methodology, taking into consideration
the uncertainties of the future. Furthermore, economics, engineering
constraints and environmental protection are included in the model.
2. Diakoptical, i.e. piecewise, solution method to load flow calculation
in internally connected large transmission networks.
Equipment .
Staff members .

Laboratory of Power Electronics

Address
LV - 1098 Riga
Phone ++ 371 7
Fax ++ 371 7
Email .
Head Dr. Yanis Stabulnieks and Dr. Edgars Treimanis
Phone ++ 371 7
Email .
Scientific AreasEnergetical factors in nonsinusoidal voltage and current systems.
Theory of electric energy conversion and its application in economic
multipurpose converter design. The main theoretical contribution is
the introduction of various factors and parameters for characterizing
the power or energy in nonsinusoidal voltage and current systems. Models
of commutating circuits for SCR converters, power supply systems for
rolling stocks, inverter fed AC drives and direct frequency conversion.
Equipment .
Staff members .

2.4.3 Nuclear Research Center

Address Miera iela 32
LV - 2169 Salaspils-I
Phone ++ 371 54 944 704 or 947 503
Fax ++ 371 54
Email .
Director Dr. A. Lapenas
Phone ++ 371 54
Email .
Scientific AreasInvestigation of nuclear excited levels and neutron
fundamental properties in nuclear reactions. Head: P. Prokofjev.
The group has made very detailed measurements of nuclear energy
levels in isotopes of Te - Ir with mass number in the interval
120 - 200. The goal is to develop the level scheme and use it as
tests of theoretical models. This has involved measurements both at
Riga reactor and in a wide range of collaborations with other installations
abroad, including Technische Universität München, Institut
Laue-Langevin, Grenoble, Fribourg University, Switzerland, Brookhaven National
Laboratory, NewYork and St Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Gatchina.
Theoretical investigation of nuclear properties in the microscopic (restricted
dynamics) and phenomenological approaches and their relationship. Head:
J. Tambergs. The group consists of 4 researchers (2 PhD) working on a
theoretical model of the structure of nuclei. The approach used, (Strictly)
Restricted Dynamic Model, is based on an operational decomposition of the
microscopic many-particle Hamiltonian. It leads to binding energies, excited
level schemes, radii, density distribution and transition probabilities of nuclei.
Equipment Nuclear reactor
Staff members .

2.4.4 Institute of Electronics and Computer Science IECS

Address Dzerbenes iela 14
LV - 1006 Riga
Phone ++ 371 7 554 500
Fax ++ 371 7 828 211
Email postmaster@edzi.lza.lv
URL http://www.edzi.lza.lv/
Director Prof.dr. Ivars Bilinskis
Phone ++ 371 7 828 211
Email bilinski@edzi.lza.lv
Scientific AreasTechnical cybernetics. Electronic devices. TV and radio equipment.
Information networks.
Equipment .
Staff members .

2.4.5 Radio-astrophysical Observatory

Address Turgeneva iela 19
LV - 1524 Riga
Phone ++ 371 7 26 006
Fax ++ 371 7 228 784
Email astra%lea.riga.lv@relay.ussr.eu.net
Director Arturs E. Balklavs
Phone ++ 371 7
Email .
Scientific AreasPhotometric and spectral observations. Carbon stars.
Solar radio emission. Red giants.
Equipment The observatory has 3 radio telescopes: RT-10, RT-2.5 and RT-1,
with diameters of 10 m, 2.5 m and 1 m. They are used for radio
observations of the Sun; at frequencies considered (327 MHz - 758 MHz)
the angular resolution of the 10 m telescope is such that only an average
over the solar disk of the radio emission can be measured. The smaller
telescopes provide some information about the location about the radio source.
Staff members .

2.4.6 Fundamental Library

Address R. Vagnera iela 4
LV - 1376 Riga
Phone ++ 371 7 28 622
Fax ++ 371 7
Email .
Director E. Karnitis
Phone ++ 371 7
Email .

2.5 Universities

2.5.1 University of Latvia

Address Bulvar Raynisa 19
LV - 1098 Riga
Phone ++ 371 7 29 076
Fax ++ 371 7 25 039
Email .
URL http://www.latnet.lv/LU?
Rector Prof.dr. J. Zakis
Phone ++ 371 7
Email .

Faculty of Physics and Mathematics

Address
LV - 1098 Riga
Phone ++ 371 7
Fax ++ 371 7
Email .
Head .
Phone ++ 371 7
Email .
Scientific Areas.
Equipment .
Staff members .

Department of Physics

Address Rainis Boulevard 19
LV - 1098 Riga
Phone ++ 371 7
Fax ++ 371 7
Email .
URL http://www.lanet.lv/members/LU/f_phmath.html
Dean .
Phone ++ 371 7
Email .
Scientific AreasGeneral Physics, Experimental Physics, Theoretical Physics
Semiconductor Physics, Electrodynamics, Physical Electronics
Equipment .
Staff members .

Institute of Atomic Physics & Spectroscopy IAPS

Address Diuou Street 4
LV - 1098 Riga
Phone ++ 371 7 225 493
Fax ++ 371 7 225 039
URL http://www.lanet.lv/members/LU/i_aphsf.html
Email .
Head Maris Jansons
Phone ++ 371 7 225 493
Email asi@acad.latnet.lv
Scientific AreasSpectroscopy and Flash Photolysis. Head: A. Ubelis. Investigation of intramolecular
perturbations, collisional, ionization and photoprocesses in gases by spectroscopic
methods. Head: M. Jansons. Magnetic properties of electronic states in diamagnetic
molecules, theory of optical pumping of molecules, determination of Lande-factors
and dynamical Stark efects in broad line optical pumping. Head: R. Ferber.
Equipment .
Staff members .

2.5.2 Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia

Address Kengaraga Street 8
LV - 1063 Riga
Phone ++ 371 7
Fax ++ 371 7
Email postmaster@cfi.lu.lv
URL http://www.cfi.lu.lv/
Head .
Fax ++ 371 7
Email .
Scientific Areas.
Equipment .
Staff members .

Division of Glass Physics

Address
LV - 1098 Riga
Phone ++ 371 7
Fax ++ 371 7
Email .
Head Prof.dr. Andrejs R. Silin
Phone ++ 371 7
Email .
Scientific AreasSpectroscopic properties, structure and generation mechanics of
point defects in optical glasses and mixed silver halides
Equipment .
Staff members 7 scientific, 3 technical

Division of Ferroelectric Physics

Address
LV - 1098 Riga
Phone ++ 371 7
Fax ++ 371 7
Email .
Head Dr. Andrejs R. Lusis
Phone ++ 371 7
Email .
Scientific AreasSolid State Ionics and Optics
Equipment .
Staff members 18 scientific, 6 technical

Department of Optical Materials

Address
LV - 1098 Riga
Phone ++ 371 7
Fax ++ 371 7
Email .
Head Prof.dr. Ilmars Vitols
Phone ++ 371 7
Email .
Scientific AreasThe atomic and electronic structure, optical properties, and radiation
damage in different materials. Some of the materials which have been
investigated are crystals such as ZnSe and ZnTe, silicate and phosphate
glass doped with semiconductor microcrystals, crystalline and amorphous
oxides of the form AO(3-x), where A= W, Re and silicon nitride Si3N4.
Equipment .
Staff members 3 scientific, 2 technical

Department of Physics of Ionic Crystals

Address
LV - 1098 Riga
Phone ++ 371 7
Fax ++ 371 7
Email .
Head Prof.dr. Ivars Tale
Phone ++ 371 7
Email .
Scientific AreasSpectroscopy of defects and radiation processes in ionic
crystals of various disorder grade.
Equipment .
Staff members 12 scientific, 7 technical

Didactic System Laboratory

Address
LV - 1098 Riga
Phone ++ 371 7
Fax ++ 371 7
Email .
Head Docent Dr. Yuri Kuzmin
Phone ++ 371 7
Email .
Scientific AreasCAI programs for schools and the university. The main goal of the
educational activities of the Didactic System Laboratory is to
computerise the Latvian education system.
Equipment .
Staff members 5 scientific

Mathematical Physics and Mechanics of Continuous Media Group

Address
LV - 1098 Riga
Phone ++ 371 7
Fax ++ 371 7
Email .
Head Dr. Nicolay Avdonin
Phone ++ 371 7
Email .
Scientific AreasApplied Mathematics and Physics. Research is being carried out
in two main areas: 1) Mathematical modeling of heat and mass transfer in
nonhomogeneous transparant media treated simultaneously in both melt and
solid, and 2) on mathematical simulation of hydrodynamical processes in
viscous fluid excited by a vibrating solid body.
Equipment .
Staff members .

2.5.3 Riga Technical University

Address Kalku street 1
LV - 1355 Riga
Phone ++ 371
Fax ++ 371 7 820 094
Email postmaster@eef.rtu.lv
URL http://www.eef.rtu.lv/
Rector Prof.dr.Acad. Egons Lavandelis
Phone ++ 371 2 225 885
Email lavendel@acad.latnet.lv

Faculty of Physics

Address
LV - 1355 Riga
Phone ++ 371 7
Fax ++ 371 7
Email .
Head .
Phone ++ 371 7
Email .
Scientific AreasOptical and photoelectric properties of semiconductors,
synthesis of silicides and nitrides. Head: Dr. A. Medvid
Investigation of surface layer structures, especially point
defects in crystalline and amorphous semiconductors.
Head: Prof.dr. G. Sagalovich. Optical fiber communication
systems. Head: Dr. Girts Ivanovs
Equipment .
Staff members .

Laboratory of Semiconductor Physics

Address
LV - 1098 Riga
Phone ++ 371 7
Fax ++ 371 7
Email .
Head Dr. Talivaldis Puritis
Phone ++ 371 7
Email .
Scientific AreasSemiconductor physics, specifically plasma breakdown
in semiconductor devices
Equipment .
Staff members 1 scientist

Theoretical Radioengineering Department

Address
LV - 1098 Riga
Phone ++ 371 7
Fax ++ 371 7
Email .
Head Ass.Prof. Janis Zuss
Phone ++ 371 7
Email .
Scientific AreasElectromagnetic properties of organic and inorganic materials.
The group is working on the design of materials with specific properties
like microwave absorbers and visible transparancy. Microwires are
embedded in materials, both in ordered (gratings) and in random fashion.
The work is mostly theoretical, but the group has demonstrated the
principles by test samples.
Equipment .
Staff members 4 scientists, 5 technical

Ferrites Research Group

Address
LV - 1098 Riga
Phone ++ 371 7
Fax ++ 371 7
Email .
Head Y. Yankowskis
Phone ++ 371 7
Email .
Scientific AreasStudies of magnetic properties of ferrites. The group has studied the
magnetic properties of polycrystalline ferrites both theoretically and
experimentally. ESpecially the influence of the distribution of the
grain size on the permeability has been calculated and a model been
used to fit experimentally determined values as a function of frequency
at different temperatures. The group has also made computer models for
calculations on inductive elements.
Equipment .
Staff members 8 scientific, 5 technical

2.5.4 Daugavpils Pedagogical University

Address Vienibas iela 13
LV - 228400 Daugavpils
Phone ++ 371 54
Fax ++ 371 54
Email postmaster@linux.cs.dpu.lvA
URL http://linux.cs.dpu.lv/DPU/En/
Head .
Phone ++ 371 54
Email .
Scientific Areas.
Equipment .
Staff members .

Faculty of Physics & Mathematics

Address Vienibas iela 13
LV - 228400 Daugavpils
Phone ++ 371 54
Fax ++ 371 54
Email .
Head Dr. Vyacheslav Gerbreder
Phone ++ 371 54
Email .
Scientific AreasOptical, electrical and physical-chemicalproperties of semiconductors and metal
films as well as multilayer heterostructures. The group is mainly involved in teaching,
but research on thin films and heterostructures of semiconductors is also carried out.
Thin film preparation by sputtering and study of properties. Head: Leonid Kozlovky.
This group has constructed a ultra high vacuum system for multilayer preparation by
sputtering. The aim of the research is to investigate the structures of metallic
multilayers and the correlation to physical properties (1 scientific staff member).
Equipment Experimental equipment has been made to produce multilayers, which can be used for
optical recording
Staff members 5 scientific, 2 technical

3 Lithuania

Map of Lithuania

Lithuania (65 200 km2), a predominantly agricultural country with a mainly Roman Catholic population of 3.736 million (80% Lithuanian), borders on Poland, Belarus and Latvia. One quarter of the area is covered with woods. Only 43% of the population lives in cities as Vilnius -- the capital, Klapeida and Kaunas. A large fishing fleet, based in Klaipeda, supplies a fish processing industry. A large refinery at Mazheikyai produces oil products on the basis of crude oil sent from Russia. Fertilizers and chemicals are produced on a large scale. Out of economic necessity Lithuanians rely on Chernobyl-type nuclear reactors for as much as 60% of their energy.

3.1 The Lithuanian Physical Society

The Lithuanian Physical Society has at this moment (1992) 120 members. The organization is as follows:

PresidentZ.B. Rudzikas
Institute for Theoretical Physics & Astronomy
A. Gostauto 12
LT - 2600 Vilnius
Phone ++ 370 2 620 936
Fax ++ 370 2 224 694
Email tmkc@julius.ktl.mii.lt
SecretaryG. Gaigalas
Institute for Theoretical Physics & Astronomy
Gostauto 12
LT - 2600 Vilnius
Phone ++ 370 2 621 457
Fax .
Email .

3.2 Lithuanian Academy of Sciences

The Lithuanian Academy of Sciences
note: Gedimino prospekt 3, Lithuania - 2600 Vilnius,
founded in 1941, has traditionally directed its main efforts towards physics and mathematics and has maintained a close relationship with the historical University of Vilnius. The Academy has begun to restructure its research activity. The Institute of Physical-Technical Problems of Power in Kaunas has long collaborated on heat transfer and is likely to play an important part in developing a new energy policy for Lithuania.

The majority of the Lithuanian Academy institutes are located in Vilnius.

3.2.1 Institute of Physics

Address Al. Gostauto 12
LT - 2600 Vilnius
Phone ++ 370 2 612610
Fax ++ 370 2
Email postmaster@ktl.mii.lt
URL http://193.219.53.135/fipg.html
Director Prof.dr. Leonas Valkunas
Phone ++ 370 2
Email .
Scientific AreasProbability theory. Mathematical statistics. Mathematical and
technical cybernetics. Spectroscopy. Logic.
Equipment .
Staff members .

3.2.2 Institute of Theoretical Physics & Astronomy

Address Al. Gostauto 12
LT - 2600 Vilnius
Phone ++ 370 2
Fax ++ 370 2
Email .
Director Z. Rudzikas
Phone ++ 370 2 620 936
Email tmkc@julius.ktl.mii.lt
Scientific Areas.
Equipment .
Staff members .

3.2.3 Institute of Semiconductor Physics

Address Gostauto 11
LT - 2600 Vilnius
Phone ++ 370 2 619 759
Fax ++ 370 2 627 123
Email spiadm@uj.pfi.lt
URL http://uj.pfi.lt/
Director Steponas Asmontas
Phone ++ 370 2 619 759
Email asmontas@uj.pfi.lt
Scientific AreasQuantum radiophysics.
Note Head organization for science production combine "Elektronika".
Other contact Acad. Algirdas Sileika
Equipment .
Staff members .

3.2.4 Institute of Physical & Technical Problems of Power Engineering

Address Laysves Alleya 53
LT - 3684 Kaunas
Phone ++ 370 () 757 304
Fax ++ 370
Email .
Director J.V. Vilemas
Phone ++ 370
Email .
Scientific AreasNuclear reactors. MHD generators. Heat exchangers. Refractory materials.
High temperature gas flows. Energy policy.
Equipment .
Staff members .

3.2.5 Central Library of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences

Address Zygimantu 1-8
LT - 2632 Vilnius
Phone ++ 370 2 629537
Fax ++ 370 2 221324
Email .
Director J.J. Marcinkevicius
Phone ++ 370
Email .

3.3 Universities

3.3.1 University of Vilnius

Address Universiteto 3
LT - 2734 Vilnius
Phone ++ 370 2 623 779
Fax ++ 370 2 613 473 or 223 563
Email .
URL http://www.vu.lt/
Rector P. Pavilionis
Phone ++ 370 2
Email .

Faculty of Physics

Address Sauletekio al. 9
LT - 2054 Vilnius
Phone ++ 370 2
Fax ++ 370 2
Email postmaster@ff.vu.lt
Dean G. Dikcius
Phone ++ 370 2 769 458
Fax .
Email gintaras.dikcius@ff.vu.lt
Scientific Areas.
Equipment .
Staff members .

Laser Research Center

Director Prof.dr. Algis P. Piskarskas
Phone ++ 370 2 769 458
Email algis.piskarskas@ff.vu.lt

Semiconductor Physics Laboratory

Director .
Phone ++ 370
Email .

3.3.2 Vilnius Technical University

Address Sauletekio aleja 11
LT - 2054 Vilnius
Phone ++ 370 2 769 600
Fax ++ 370 2 765 210
Email postmaster@vtu.lt
URL http://rasa.vtu.lt/
Rector Edmundas Zavadskas
Phone ++ 370 2
Email .

Faculty of Fundamental Sciences

Address Sauletekio aleja 11
LT - 2054 Vilnius
Phone ++ 370 2 700 493
Fax ++ 370 2 700 116
Email postmaster@fmf.vtu.lt
URL http://rasa.vtu.lt/faculties/fund_sci.html
Dean Algirdas Ciucelis
Phone ++ 370 2
Email algirdas.ciucelis@fmf.vtu.lt
Scientific Areas.
Equipment .
Staff members .

3.3.3 Vytautas Magnus University

Address Daukauto 28
LT - 3000 Kaunas
Phone ++ 370 206 753
Fax ++ 370 203 858
Email .
URL http://vytautas.vdu.lt/
Rector A. Avizienis
Phone ++ 370
Email .

Faculty of Physics & Mathematics

Address
LT - 2054 Vilnius
Phone ++ 370 2
Fax ++ 370 2
Email .
Dean G. Kamuntavicius
Phone ++ 370 2
Email .
Scientific Areas.
Equipment .
Staff members .

Europhysics Foundation, Amsterdam

E.W.A. Lingeman, ed@nikhef.nl, August 1996